By Mark Nichol
Is, or are? Go, or goes? Whether a verb is
singular or plural depends on any one of a complicated set of factors. Here is
a roster of rules for subject-verb agreement (or “Here are some rules . . .”):
1. Use verbs that agree with a subject, not with a
noun that is part of a modifying phrase or clause between verb and subject:
“The pot of eggs is boiling on the stove.”
2. Use singular or plural verbs that agree with
the subject, not with the complement of the subject:
“My favorite type of movie is comedies,” but
“Comedies are my favorite type of movie.”
3. Use singular verbs with singular indefinite
pronouns — each, the “-bodies,” “-ones,” and “-things” (anybody, everyone,
nothing), and the like:
“Neither is correct.” (And, just as in rule number
1, the presence of a modifier is irrelevant: “Neither of them is correct.”)
4. Use plural verbs with plural indefinite
pronouns:
“Many outcomes are possible.”
5. Use singular verbs with uncountable nouns that
follow an indefinite pronoun:
“All the paint is dried up.”
6. Use plural verbs with countable nouns that
follow an indefinite pronoun:
“All the nails are spilled on the floor.”
7. Use plural verbs with compound subjects that
include and:
“The dog and the cat are outside.”
8. Use plural verbs or singular verbs, depending
on the form of the noun nearest the verb, with compound subjects that include
nor or or:
“Either the dog or the cats are responsible for
the mess.” (“Either the cats or the dog is responsible for the mess” is also
technically correct but is awkward.)
9. Use singular verbs with inverted subjects that
include singular nouns:
“Why is my hat outside in the rain?”
10. Use plural verbs with inverted subjects (those
beginning with the expletive there rather than the actual subject) that include
plural nouns:
“There are several hats outside in the rain.”
11. Use singular or plural verbs with collective
nouns depending on meaning:
“His staff is assembled,” but “Staff are asked to
go to the conference room immediately.” (In the first sentence, the emphasis is
on the body of employees; in the second sentence, the focus is on compliance by
each individual in the body of employees.)
12. Use singular verbs for designations of
entities, such as nations or organizations, or compositions, such as books or
films:
“The United Nations is headquartered in New York.”
13. Use singular verbs for subjects plural in form
but singular in meaning:
“Physics is my favorite subject.”
14. Use singular or plural verbs for subjects
plural in form but plural or singular in meaning depending on the context:
“The economics of the situation are complicated,”
but “Economics is a complicated topic.”
15. Use plural verbs for subjects plural in form
and meaning:
“The tweezers are in the cupboard.”
16. Use plural verbs in constructions of the form
“one of those (blank) who . . .”:
“I am one of those eccentrics who do not tweet.”
17. Use singular verbs in constructions of the
form “the only one of those (blank) who . . .”:
“I am the only one of my friends who does not
tweet.”
18. Use singular verbs in constructions of the
form “the number of (blank) . . .”:
“The number of people here boggles the mind.”
19. Use plural verbs in constructions of the form
“a number of (blank) . . .”:
“A number of people here disagree.”
20. Use singular verbs in construction of the
forms “every (blank) . . .” and “many a (blank) . . .”:
“Every good boy does fine”; “Many a true word is
spoken in jest.”
