Lexis

Many moons ago (Literatur) = Very long time ago
- Waktu yang sangat lama.
eg. - It happened many moons ago.

Over the moon (Inggris british) = Extremely happy
- Sangat bahagia
eg. - I am over the moon.

Moon around / about
- Gentayangan
eg. - Why are you still mooning around?

Moon over somebody
- Mabuk kepayang
eg. - Didi was mooning over his girl friend.

Moonless
- Tak berbulan, tidak ada bulan
eg. - Tonight seems moonless.

Mope
- Menghabiskan waktu tanpa melakukan apa-apa dan merasa sedih
eg. - Moping won't do nothing.

No more = Neither
- Juga (Negative), Tidak juga
eg. - I had no complaints and no more did Tom.

More than happy = Extremely happy
- Sangat gembira
eg. - I am more than happy to take you there in my car.

No more = No longer
- Tidak lagi
eg. - I will torment you no more.

At my mother's knee (Idiom) = When you're very young
- Di waktu sangat muda
eg. - I learnt these songs at my mother's knee.

Expectant = Pregnant
- Hamil
eg. - An expectant mother.

Mother = Care like a mother to her child
- Peduli seperti ibu ke anak
eg. - Stop mothering me!
     - Don't mother me.

Mosquito repellent
- Obat anti nyamuk
eg. - Just buy the mosquito repellent just in case.

A mother lode
- Sumber
eg. - You are a mother lode of my love.

Ulterior motive
- Motip tersembunyi
eg. - She must have some alterior motive for being nice to me.

Alight = get off
- Turun
eg. - Do not alight while the train is still in motion.

In motion = Moving
eg. - While the train is still in motion.

Mourner
- Orang yang datang ngelayat
eg. - There were a lot of mouners come to the funeral.

Motor-mouth = People who likes to talk much
- Orang yang suka ngomong.
eg. - Stop being a motor-mouth and do what you can do.

Dabble
- Ikut-ikutan saja.
eg. - I just dabbled in a music.

Mudding = Confusing
- Membingungkan
eg. - It's very mudding to talk with you.

In mufti
- Berpakaian pereman
eg. - Officers in mufti.

Mug shot
- Photo buronan
eg. - There were a lot of mug shots in the police station.

Lexis

Moneyed, monied = Having a lot of money

- Punya banyak uang

eg. - The moneyed guys.

Moniker = A name

- Nama, alias

eg. - What's your real moniker?

Money box = Piggy bank

- Tempat tabungan, celengan

eg.- I need a piggy bank, I want to start saving coin.

Blood sucker = Money lender

- Lintah darat

eg. - Never borrow the money from the blood sucker.

Ankle biter = Dog

- Anjing

eg. - I am really afraid of ankle biter.

Make a monkey face at

- Mengejek, mengolok-olok

eg. - Don't make a monkey face at me!

Monkey business = Dishonest or silly behaviour

- Tidak jujur atau perbuatan bodoh

eg. - That's just a monkey business.

Agnostic

- Ragu akan adanya Tuhan

eg. - I am not Agnostic, I do believe in God.

Not in a month of Sundays (idiom) 

- Digunakan untuk menekankan kalau sesuatu tidak akan pernah terjadi.

eg. - You won't find it, not in a month of Sundays.

Lexis

And no mistakes
- Dan tidak salah lagi
eg. - This is a strange business and no mistakes.

Mixed double
- Ganda campuran ( Dalam permainan tenis)
eg. - I was watching a mixed double tennis yesterday.

A good mixer
- Orang yang mudah bergaul.
eg. - Jenny is a kind of a good mixer, she can finds friends easily.

A bad mixer
- Orang yang susah bergaul.
eg. - A bad mixer will always has friends difficultly.

Mix-up
- Berantakan
eg. - There has been a mix-up over the dates.

Mixed feeling = Not sure what to think
- Tidak yakin dengan apa yang dipikirkan.
eg. - I still have mixed feeling.

Mo = Moment
- Sebentar
eg. - See you in a mo!

Mogul = A very rich, important and powerful man.
- Orang kaya hebat dan berkuasa.
eg. - He's a mogul in this city.


Moll = (Slang) The female friend of a criminal.
- Teman perempuan penjahat.
eg. - The robber was doing his action with his moll.

Molly cuddle = spoiled
- Manja
eg. - The girl is ever so molly cuddle.

Money talks 
- Uang yang berkuasa
eg. - Money talks man! Do not be afraid of that.

Light finger
- Panjang tangan, suka mencuri.
eg. - Just punish the light finger boy.

Molotov cocktail (Inggris Amerika)
Petrol bomb (Inggris British)
- Bom molotop
eg. - The strikers Threw the police officers with the motolov cocktails.

In the money = To have a lot of money to spend.
- Punya uang banyak untuk digunakan.
eg. - I am in the money, just take whatever you want.

For my money = In my opinion
- Menurut saya
eg. - For my money, English is the most important language to learn.

A good money = A lot of money
- Banyak uang
eg. - It's a good money.

On the money = Correct, accurate
- Tepat, akurat
eg. - His prediction was right on the money.

Lie vs. Lay: Grammar Guide

When do you use "lie" and when do you use "lay"?

Lie and lay are commonly misused. My father-in-law, a high school English teacher, finally taught me the correct usage, and I think I have finally got it.

Lie is to recline. Lay is to put or place, and the verb is always followed by an object. One easy way to remember is, you lie in the sun and a chicken lays an egg. Where it gets tricky is in the past and past participle (the form of have) tenses.

Lie-to recline

• The present tense of lie (to recline) is lie or lying. I am lyingon the bed. I lie on the bed.

• The past tense of lie (to recline) is lay. Yesterday, I lay on the bed.

• The past participle tense (have, has, had) of lie (to recline) is lain. I have lain on the bed for many hours. She has lain on the bed for many hours. Shehad lain on the bed for many hours.

lie, lay, lain

Lay-to put or place

• The present tense of lay (to put or place) is lay or laying. I am layingthe book on the table. I lay the book on the table.

• The past tense of lay (to put or place) is laid. Yesterday, I laid the book on the table.

• The past participle tense (have, has, had) of lay (to put or place) is also laid. I have laid the book on the table. She has laid the book on the table. She had laid the book on the table.

lay, laid, laid

Using Since and For

Use since + (a specific time) like March 31, or 9:19 a.m., or Tuesday.Examples:

I have been studying English since 1993.
John has helped me since 10:00 this morning.
Those people have been in Europe since August.

Note: Because we are talking about a time in the past until now, we have to use have/has + past participle when we use since.

Use for + (a length of time) like 1 day, or 3 hours, or 5 years.
Examples:

I have been studying English for 4 years.
John has helped me for 8 hours.
Those people went to Europe for 2 months.


Note: It is possible to use the past tense when you use for if the action is finished.

Check Your UnderstandingChoose the correct answer. Check your answers below.
1. Leslie has lived here          ______          since         for          ten years.
2. I haven't seen you          ______          since         for          last March.
3. We sat and talked          ______          since         for          30 minutes.
4. Young-eun studied French          ______          since         for          nine years.
5. Caroline has been learning Spanish          ______          since         for          March 1999.
6. We haven't had an earthquake          ______          since         for          23 years.
7. I haven't heard from you          ______          since         for          Saturday.
8. Molly hasn't eaten          ______          since         for          7:00 this morning.
9. He played basketball          ______          since         for          over 20 years.
10. Andre hasn't seen Becky          ______         since          for          yesterday.

Accent in English

Trademarks that become generic

Trademark                                                                     


Walkman                              - Personal stereo
Klaxson                                - Horn
Kleenex                                - A paper handkerchief
Styrofoam                             - Polystyrene
Band Aid                              - Plaster
Q tip                                     - Cotton bud
Formica                                - A hard plastic that can resist heat.
Freefone                               - Free phone, Phone that's paid by the organization.
Deepfreeze                           - Freezer
Frisbee                                 - A light plastic object shape like a plate that is thrown from one player to 
                                               another.
Grannary                               - (Only before noun) of bread) containing whole grains or wheat.
Gripe water                           - Medicine that is given to babies when they have stomach pains.
Tippex                                   - A liquid, usually white that you use to cover mistake.
witeout                                  - (AmE) A liquid, usually white that you use to cover mistake.
Hoover                                  - Vacuum cleaner.
Softec                                    - Sanitary towel (BrE) Sanitary napkin (AmE)
                                                     

25 Subordinating Conjunctions

by Mark Nichol

If you’re having trouble developing sentences with sufficient variety to keep your writing fresh, take a ride on A WHITE BUS.

No, I’m not shouting at you; A WHITE BUS is a mnemonic initialism that reminds you about a set of conjunctions with which you can begin dependent clauses. (A dependent clause is a phrase that must be attached to an independent clause — a series of words that can stand on its own as a sentence — to make grammatical sense.) Below, you’ll find the words or phrases that the letters in A WHITE BUS represent, and sample sentences in which they’re employed.

A

1. “After dinner, we’ll go see a movie.”

2. “Although I’d rather not, I’ll make an exception.”

3. “As you know, she’s rather eccentric.”

W

4. “When we’re done, let’s get some ice cream.”

5. “Whenever I go, I try to see something I’ve never seen before.”

6. “Whether or not you agree, I think it looks fine.”

7. “Where I go, they always have sales.”

8. “Wherever I go, I try to enjoy myself.”

9. “While I’m there, I play music on a jukebox.”

H

10. “How is it that even though you go there all the time, you’ve never noticed that before?”

I

11. “If you find out, please let me know.”

12. “In case you hadn’t heard, I couldn’t care less.”

13. “In order to enjoy your trip, take your time and enjoy the sights.”

T

14. “That I like wearing red — that has never been in dispute.”

15. “Though I’m flexible, I draw the line about that.”

E

16. “Even if it is true, I’ll forgive him.”

17. “Even though I’d heard the song before, I hadn’t known who sang it.”

18. “Ever since I met her, I haven’t been able to think about anything else.”

B

19. “Because I’ve been there before, I’d rather go somewhere else.”

20. “Before I saw the house, I was ready to just rent an apartment.”

U

21. “Unless you’re willing to wait, you’ll have to come back tomorrow.”

22. “Until we find it, we can’t leave.”

S

23. “Since then, I’ve had a different opinion of him.”

24. “So sure were you of your theory about them, you ignored evidence that you were wrong.”

25. “So that I’m sure I understand you, please repeat what you said.”

Sometimes, ON, representing “only if” (“Only if I get to drive will I go with you”) and “now that” (“Now that we understand each other, things are much better”) precedes A WHITE BUS in the mnemonic phrase.

Note, too, that the order in which the dependent and independent clauses appear can be reversed (though often, the comma separating the clauses is then not necessary). However, because the independent clause generally contains the essential information, the sentence is usually more effective when the independent clause trails the dependent clause.

20 More Smothered Verbs Set Free

by Mark Nichol

In the interests of trying to help prevent the smothering deaths of countless sentences, here’s a public-service announcement about how to avoid this senseless tragedy: If a noun phrase (verb plus preposition plus article plus noun, though variations are frequent) can be condensed by converting the noun to a verb and deleting the other words in the phrase, do it.

It’s easy enough to write a sentence with a smothered verb — I did it myself in a post last week (“The strategy has been a failure in reducing costs” is easily reduced to “The strategy failed to reduce costs.”) We’re likely to employ such sentence-stretching strategies in speech, but in writing, we have the opportunity to — that is, we can — make amends. Here are more examples:

1.
See example above.

2. 
“The latter conclusion provides an example of the combination of risk factors at different levels.”
“The latter conclusion exemplifies the combination of risk factors at different levels.”

3.
“Call a stop to (or “put a stop to”) this nonsense.”
“Stop this nonsense.”

4.
“I’m glad they’ve come to an agreement.”
“I’m glad they agree.”

5. 
“We’re here to conduct an investigation.”
“We’re here to investigate.”

6. 
“They decided to conduct a review.”
“They conducted a review.” (The original version is valid, however, if the review has not yet been conducted.)

7.
“She conducted experiments into tearing the fabric of the space-time continuum.”
“She experimented with tearing the fabric of the space-time continuum.”

8. 
“I’d like to extend an invitation for you to attend.”
“I’d like to invite you to attend.” (Or, even more directly, “I invite you to attend.”)

9.
“He didn’t give an indication of his plans.”
“He didn’t indicate his plans.”

10.
“They agreed to give consideration to his proposal.”
“They considered his proposal.”

11. 
“I had a discussion with her about that very issue.”
“I discussed that very issue with her.”

12. 
“We have a tendency to get carried away sometimes.”
“We tend to get carried away sometimes.” (Or, even more directly, “We get carried away sometimes.”)

13.
“Will the new policy have an effect on our procedures?”
“Will the new policy affect our procedures?”

14. “They plan to hold a conference (or meeting) about the issue soon.”
“They plan to confer (or meet) about the issue soon.” (Or “They will confer (or meet) about the issue soon,” though the meaning is slightly different.)

15.
“The president is expected to make a statement about his opposition to the proposal later today.”
“The president is expected to state his opposition to the proposal later today.” (The meaning is not identical, but the condensed sentence is valid.)

16.
“I will make (or undertake) an examination of the premises immediately.”
“I will examine the premises immediately.”

17.
“The committee will perform an assessment of the situation.”
“The committee will assess the situation.”

18. 
“We expect to realize a substantial savings.”
“We expect to save substantially.”

19. 
“She stated with confidence that she will win by a landslide.”
“She is confident that she will win by a landslide.”

20. 
“Are you interested in submitting an application?”
“Are you interested in applying?”

20 Verbs Smothered by “Be”s

by Mark Nichol

Below are phrases in which a form of “to be” plus an adjective (or a preposition and a noun) and, often, a preposition can easily be replaced by a simple form of the verb (occasionally accompanied by a preposition), resulting in a more concise statement:

1.

Before: “She is able (or unable) to think for herself.”

After: “She can (or cannot) think for herself.”

2.

Before: “This rule is applicable to both scenarios.”

After: “This rule applies to both scenarios.”

3.

Before: “They are authorized (or empowered) to speak on our behalf.”

After: “They may speak on our behalf.”

4.

Before: “The company is benefited by this policy.”

After: “The company benefits from this policy.”

5.

Before: “The agreement is binding upon both parties.”

After: “The agreement binds both parties.”

6.

Before: “The compound is derived from a chemical reaction.”

After: “The compound derives from a chemical reaction.”

7.

Before: “We are desirous of your reply.”

After: “We desire your reply.”

8.

Before: “She is in agreement with us.”

After: “She agrees with us.”

9.

Before: “He will be in attendance at the event.”

After: “He will attend the event.”

10.

Before: “Their behavior is indicative of what you can expect from them.”

After: “Their behavior indicates what you can expect of them.”

11.

Before: “He is in error in his account of the incident.”

After: “He errs in his account of the incident.”

12.

Before: “It was in existence at that moment.”

After: “It existed at that moment.”

13.

Before: “She is influential on his artistic style.”

After: “She influences his artistic style.”

14.

Before: “I am in possession of some incriminating evidence.”

After: “I hold some incriminating evidence.” (In this case, “I possess . . .” in place of “I am in possession of . . .” would imply ownership, not temporary possession, which is what the original sentence implies.)

15.

Before: “My colleague is in receipt of the document.”

After: “My colleague received the document.”

16.

Before: “The mechanism will soon be operative.”

After: “The mechanism will soon operate.”

17.

Before: “The company was in violation of several regulations.”

After: “The company violated several regulations.”

18.

Before: “The committee was productive of a thorough report.”

After: “The committee produced a thorough report.”

19.

Before: “This advertising campaign will be effectively promotive of the product.”

After: “This advertising campaign will effectively promote the product.”

20.

Before: “We are supportive of your efforts.”

After: “We support your efforts.”

20 Rules About Subject-Verb Agreement

By Mark Nichol

Is, or are? Go, or goes? Whether a verb is singular or plural depends on any one of a complicated set of factors. Here is a roster of rules for subject-verb agreement (or “Here are some rules . . .”):

1. Use verbs that agree with a subject, not with a noun that is part of a modifying phrase or clause between verb and subject:

“The pot of eggs is boiling on the stove.”

2. Use singular or plural verbs that agree with the subject, not with the complement of the subject:

“My favorite type of movie is comedies,” but “Comedies are my favorite type of movie.”

3. Use singular verbs with singular indefinite pronouns — each, the “-bodies,” “-ones,” and “-things” (anybody, everyone, nothing), and the like:

“Neither is correct.” (And, just as in rule number 1, the presence of a modifier is irrelevant: “Neither of them is correct.”)

4. Use plural verbs with plural indefinite pronouns:

“Many outcomes are possible.”

5. Use singular verbs with uncountable nouns that follow an indefinite pronoun:

“All the paint is dried up.”

6. Use plural verbs with countable nouns that follow an indefinite pronoun:

“All the nails are spilled on the floor.”

7. Use plural verbs with compound subjects that include and:

“The dog and the cat are outside.”

8. Use plural verbs or singular verbs, depending on the form of the noun nearest the verb, with compound subjects that include nor or or:

“Either the dog or the cats are responsible for the mess.” (“Either the cats or the dog is responsible for the mess” is also technically correct but is awkward.)

9. Use singular verbs with inverted subjects that include singular nouns:

“Why is my hat outside in the rain?”

10. Use plural verbs with inverted subjects (those beginning with the expletive there rather than the actual subject) that include plural nouns:

“There are several hats outside in the rain.”

11. Use singular or plural verbs with collective nouns depending on meaning:

“His staff is assembled,” but “Staff are asked to go to the conference room immediately.” (In the first sentence, the emphasis is on the body of employees; in the second sentence, the focus is on compliance by each individual in the body of employees.)

12. Use singular verbs for designations of entities, such as nations or organizations, or compositions, such as books or films:

“The United Nations is headquartered in New York.”

13. Use singular verbs for subjects plural in form but singular in meaning:

“Physics is my favorite subject.”

14. Use singular or plural verbs for subjects plural in form but plural or singular in meaning depending on the context:

“The economics of the situation are complicated,” but “Economics is a complicated topic.”

15. Use plural verbs for subjects plural in form and meaning:

“The tweezers are in the cupboard.”

16. Use plural verbs in constructions of the form “one of those (blank) who . . .”:

“I am one of those eccentrics who do not tweet.”

17. Use singular verbs in constructions of the form “the only one of those (blank) who . . .”:

“I am the only one of my friends who does not tweet.”

18. Use singular verbs in constructions of the form “the number of (blank) . . .”:

“The number of people here boggles the mind.”

19. Use plural verbs in constructions of the form “a number of (blank) . . .”:

“A number of people here disagree.”

20. Use singular verbs in construction of the forms “every (blank) . . .” and “many a (blank) . . .”:

“Every good boy does fine”; “Many a true word is spoken in jest.”

Vocative

Vocative Case


When somebody is being spoken to directly, his/her name must be separated from the rest of the sentence with a comma (or commas).
(Names that are being addressed directly are said to be in the 'vocative case'.)

Examples:

 I'll see you next Tuesday, Alan. 
(Alan is being addressed. His name must be separated from the rest of the
sentence with a comma. The word "Alan" is said to be in the vocative case.)
('Vocative' stems from the word 'vocal'.)

 …and that, your Honour, is the case for the Prosecution. 
(The judge is being addressed as "your Honour". These words are in the 
vocative case and must be separated from the rest of the sentence with commas.)

 Lee, you would know all about that wouldn't you, you little adventurer? 
("Lee" is being addressed by his name and as "you little adventurer". Both
"Lee" and "you little adventurer" are in the vocative case.)

 ...and that was the end of the monster Dick. 
("Dick" should be preceded by a comma as "Dick" is being addressed.)

Anything Can Be in the Vocative Case

Animals, even inanimate objects, can be addressed directly.  They should also be separated from the rest of the sentence to show they are in the vocative case.

Examples:

 Ollie, fetch the stick like a good dog. 
("Ollie" is being addressed - comma used)

 You are my favourite car, you little beauty. 
(car being addressed directly as "you little beauty" - comma used)

 To lose one parent, Mr Worthing, may be regarded as a misfortune; to lose both looks like carelessness.  (Oscar Wilde)
("Mr Worthing" being addressed directly - commas used)

 Dammit, sir, it is your duty to get married. You can't be always living for pleasure.  (Oscar Wilde)
(Someone being addressed directly as "sir" - commas used)

Nominative

Nominative Case

The nominative case is the form of a noun or pronoun used in the subject or predicate nominative.

In English this is significant only with personal pronouns and the forms of who.

Personal pronouns in the nominative case in modern English are I, you, he, she, it, we, and they.

The word who is also in the nominative case.

Genitive

What is genitive case?

Definition

Genitive case is a case in which the referent of the marked noun is the possessor of the referent of another noun.

Discussion
	In some languages, genitive case may express an associative relation between the marked noun and another noun.

Examples (English)

The man's foot The man's brother The man'ssinging The man's book The man's picture

Dative

What is Dative Case?

by Maeve Maddox

A reader asks about the grammatical term “dative case.”

English makes use of four “cases” – Nominative, Genitive, Accusative, and Dative.

The term “case” applies to nouns and pronouns.

The case of a noun or pronoun is determined by what the word does in the sentence.

A noun or pronoun is in the “Nominative Case” when it is the subject of a sentence, or when it completes a being verb.

A noun or pronoun is in the “Genitive Case” when it shows possession.

A noun or pronoun is in the “Accusative Case” when it receives the action of a transitive verb, or when it serves as the object of a preposition. Another term for “Accusative” is ‘Objective.”

A noun or pronoun is in the Dative Case when it is used as an indirect object.

Ex. Oma gave me a puppy.

This sentence contains two objects, a direct object and an indirect object.

To find the direct object, find the verb and ask “what?”

Question: gave what?

Answer: gave puppy.

Puppy is the direct object. It receives the action of the verb.

To find the indirect object, find the verb and ask “to whom?” or “to what?” “for whom?” or “for what?”

Question gave to whom?

Answer: to me

Me is the indirect object.

Me is a pronoun in the dative case. It does not receive the action of the verb directly, but it does receive it indirectly.

Here are some more examples of sentences that contain nouns or pronouns in the dative case:

The king gave his son his crown.

Gwen sent her boyfriend a Valentine.

The mother made them Koolaid.

I read my children the Narnia books.

The Eagle Scout built the homeless man a shelter.

TIP: The indirect object always stands between the verb and its direct object. (I suppose it might be possible to find some exceptions in Milton.)

When a personal pronoun is used as an indirect object it will, of course, take the object form: I baked him a cake.

The teaching of formal grammar in the American English classroom has been in decline for many years now. An academic debate about “explicit” and “implicit” grammar instruction rages. As with most debates, each side has valid points to make.

A mind-numbing, isolated exercise approach is not desirable, but neither is throwing out all formal grammar instruction. Students need to be taught the terms–especially if they intend to study a foreign language.

Accusative

Objective / Accusative Case

A noun or pronoun is in the objective case when it is used as a direct object, an indirect object, or an object.

A noun which is directly affected by the action of a verb is put into the objective case. In English we call this noun the "direct object" which is a little more descriptive of its function. It's the direct object of some action.

• Robert fixed the car.

In the example above, the "car" is in the objective case because it's the direct object of Robert's action of fixing.

Pronouns are inflected to show the objective case.

Personal Pronoun

Objective/Accusative

Referring to the object in a sentence

Me

You

Him

Her

It

Us

Them

Whom

For example:

• The web site gave Lynne a headache.
• Mum gave us the money.
• She gave him the book.

Participles as adjectives

I am confused as to when I can use participles as adjectives. Let me give you an example. I can say: I saw a barking dog. Here the present participle barking is used as an adjective. But I can't say: I saw a barked dog, using the past participle as an adjective. Why not? Thanks.

barking dogs [ yes ] barked dogs [ no ]

There are not very many adjectives formed from verb participles, Tutul, that can be used in both -ed and -ing forms.

You can often get a sense of what works and what doesn't by transforming the participial adjective into a participial clause.

If it doesn't make sense as a participle in a clause, it is unlikely to make sense as a participle adjective. Consider the following:

The barking dogs kept me awake all night.

The dogs that were barking kept me awake all night.

The barked dogs kept me awake all night.

The dogs that had been barked kept me awake all night.

Barking works in the first pair of examples because -ing forms when used as adjectives have similar meanings to active verbs.

Barked doesn't work in the second pair of examples because most past participles have passive meanings when they are used as adjectives. Dogs can be washed, dried, combed, brushed, fed and walked, but they can't be barked. That is something they do themselves.

abandoning child [ no ] abandoned child [ yes ]

Abandon (meaning to leave someone when you should stay with them) is commonly used in passive structures. For this reason, abandoned works as an adjective, but abandoning does not. Compare the following:

The abandoned child cried for three days without stopping.

The child that had been abandoned cried for three days.

The abandoning child was so unhappy she cried for three days.

The child which was abandoning was so upset she cried for three days.

Abandoning doesn't work because children cannot abandon themselves, though the unfortunate ones are sometimes abandoned by their parents.

There are a few participial adjectives that can be used in both -ing and -ed forms, but note the differences in meaning, depending on active or passive use in these examples below.

broken hearts [ yes ] breaking waves [ yes ]

She is suffering from a broken heart

Her heart has been broken by his cruel behaviour.

The breaking waves pushed the surfboard further out to sea.

Huge waves breaking on the beach pushed the surtboard out to sea. 

alarmed houses [ yes ] alarming reports [ yes ]

Alarmed houses afford some protection against burglary.

Houses which are alarmed afford some protection against burglary.

Alarming reports are coming in that refugees are being racially abused.

Reports are coming in that refugees are being racially abused. This alarms me.

A small number of verbs have past participles that can be used as adjectives before nouns with active meanings. Note with these examples there may not be so much change in meaning between the -ing and -ed forms:

falling/fallen [yes] advanced/advancing [yes] developing/developed [yes]

The falling leaves covered the path and made it quite slippery.

The leaves that were falling covered the path and made it slippery.

The fallen trees blocked the road and only pedestrians could get through.

The trees that had fallen blocked the road and made it quite impassable.

When we think of countries that are still developing and countries that have developed, it is true to say that:

a) developing countries need as much help as they can get.

b) it is the developed nations which should provide it.

This class is appropriate only for advanced students.

It is suitable for students who have advanced beyond level five.

The advancing army surrounded the city and cut off all its supply lines.

The army, which was advancing rapidly, had cut off the city by nightfall.